File system type is RAW in AutoChk

[Sparklewr]

System will lock on bootup intermittently. When it does successfully boot to Windows, it will attempt an AutoChk for only a second before it displays that the 'type of file system is RAW' and it doesn't support that file type. All other types of scans have not identified an error, and usually list it as NTFS.

I think there is a conflict with 2 of the partitions on the main drive. Because it is a Dell, there is a utility partition, the Restore partition, and the main partition. Can you look at the log and let me know how to proceed with DiskPatch?

Thanks!



.../000:01/LOG> ### LOG START ###
.../000:01/LOG> DISKPATCH 3.5.100
.../000:01/LOG> (C) 2000-2008 DIY DataRecovery
.../000:01/LOG> Contact info: http://HTTP://www.DIYDataRecovery.nl
.../000:01/LOG> MemFree: 73Kb
.../000:01/LOG> CommandLineParms: /sup
.../000:01/LOG> LogDate: 12-09-2008
.../000:01/CFG> FilePath="1/.\DPFILES\"
.../000:01/CFG> LogFilename="DP.LOG"
.../000:01/CFG> ReadRetries="32"
.../000:01/CFG> WriteRetries="32"
.../000:01/CFG> MaxReadErrors="32"
.../000:01/CFG> MaxWriteErrors="1"
.../000:01/CFG> LogEachReadError="1"
.../000:01/CFG> ReadDelay="0"
.../000:01/CFG> VfyFixedBadSect="1"
.../000:01/CFG> CleanAfterDOD="1"
.../000:01/CFG> DiskReset="1"
.../000:01/CFG> SectorSkip="1024"
.../000:01/CFG> AutoSaveState="1"
.../000:01/CFG> DumpFoundSectors="0"
.../000:01/CFG> FixFats="1"
.../000:01/CFG> MaxFatScan="51200"
.../000:01/CFG> MaxDataColEntries="256"
.../000:01/CFG> IgnoreF8FF="0"
.../000:01/CFG> DownSizeExt="1"
.../000:01/CFG> ScanSignature="55AA"
.../000:01/CFG> Rebuild="00"
.../000:01/13H> Ext13H installed test requested
.../000:01/13H> Disk found at 128
.../000:01/13H> Ext13H version: EDD-3.0
.../000:01/13H> Ext13H Support: Extended disk access functions
.../000:01/13H> Ext13H Support: Enhanced disk drive functions
.../000:01/13H> Ext13H Flags: DMA boundary errors handled transparently
.../000:01/13H> Drive Interface Info:
.../000:01/13H> Disk 128 X13H data : 16383/16/63 312500000/512
.../000:01/13H> Disk found at 129
.../000:01/13H> Ext13H version: 2.1 / EDD-1.1
.../000:01/13H> Ext13H Support: Extended disk access functions
.../000:01/13H> Ext13H Flags: DMA boundary errors handled transparently
.../000:01/13H> Ext13H Flags: Cylinder/head/sector info is valid
.../000:01/13H> Drive Interface Info:
.../000:01/13H> Disk 129 X13H data : 1024/16/32 15859712/512
.../000:01/13H> Ext13H tested ok
.../000:01/FDL> DiskList requested
.../000:01/FDL> Disk found at 128
.../000:01/FDL> Disk found at 129
### DISKLIST.ARRAY ###
__D_|________LBA_|___H_|__S_|__GB
128 | .312500000 | 255 | 63 | 149
129 | ..15859712 | .16 | 32 | ..7
..0 | .........0 | ..0 | .0 | ..0
..0 | .........0 | ..0 | .0 | ..0
.../000:01/IAS> AdmiSector found on disk 0 (128)
.../000:01/IAS> AdmiSector init complete for disk 1 (129)
.../000:02/EXE> Read/Write pattern test for disk 0 (128) successful
.../000:02/EXE> Read/Write pattern test for disk 1 (129) successful
.../000:02/WAS> AdmiSectors in use : 0+ 1+
.../000:02/KEY> DEMO/1
.../000:02/PFC> PQstuff signature not detected on disk 0 (128)
.../000:02/PFC> PQstuff signature not detected on disk 1 (129)
.../000:02/PFC> UDMA driver not loaded
.../000:02/PFC> Disk health 50-100
.../000:03/PFC> Partition State backup not found on disk 0 (128)
.../000:03/PFC> Partition State backup not found on disk 1 (129)
.../000:03/PFC> No Repair date found on disk 0 (128)
.../000:03/PFC> No Repair date found on disk 1 (129)
.../000:27/CSD> Start CheckDisk for disk 0 (128)
.../000:27/CSD> CheckDisk complete, ReadErrors 0
.../000:27/USD> Disk 0 (128) selected
.../000:27/GSC> Geo for disk 0 (128) changed since last DP run
.../000:27/GSC> Geo info on disk 0 (128) (old)   : 0318800000378099
.../000:27/GSC> Current geo info for disk 0 (128): 0312500000255063
.../005:16/GSC> Selected geo for disk 0 (128) is 255/63
.../005:16/WAS> AdmiSectors in use : 0+ 1+
.../005:16/GSC> Geo for disk 0 (128) saved as 0312500000255063
128/005:16/USD> MBR for disk 0 (128)
128/005:16/LOG> SectorDump requested at 0 (0 0 1)
###
000   33 C0 8E D0 BC 00 7C FB 50 07 50 1F FC BE 1B 7C  |  3???.|?P.P.??.|
016   BF 1B 06 50 57 B9 E5 01 F3 A4 CB BD BE 07 B1 04  |  ?..PW??.?.?.
032   38 6E 00 7C 09 75 13 83 C5 10 E2 F4 CD 18 8B F5  |  8n.|.u.??..??
048   83 C6 10 49 74 19 38 2C 74 F6 A0 B5 07 B4 07 8B  |  ??.It.8,t? ?.?.?
064   F0 AC 3C 00 74 FC BB 07 00 B4 0E CD 10 EB F2 88  |  ??<.t??..?.?.
080   4E 10 E8 46 00 73 2A FE 46 10 80 7E 04 0B 74 0B  |  N.?F.s*?F.?~..t.
096   80 7E 04 0C 74 05 A0 B6 07 75 D2 80 46 02 06 83  |  ?~..t. ?.u?F..?
112   46 08 06 83 56 0A 00 E8 21 00 73 05 A0 B6 07 EB  |  F..?V..?!.s. ?.?
128   BC 81 3E FE 7D 55 AA 74 0B 80 7E 10 00 74 C8 A0  |  ??>?}U?t.?~..t? 
144   B7 07 EB A9 8B FC 1E 57 8B F5 CB BF 05 00 8A 56  |  ?.??.W???..?V
160   00 B4 08 CD 13 72 23 8A C1 24 3F 98 8A DE 8A FC  |  .?.?.r#??$??
176   43 F7 E3 8B D1 86 D6 B1 06 D2 EE 42 F7 E2 39 56  |  C??.??B??9V
192   0A 77 23 72 05 39 46 08 73 1C B8 01 02 BB 00 7C  |  .w#r.9F.s.?..?.|
208   8B 4E 02 8B 56 00 CD 13 73 51 4F 74 4E 32 E4 8A  |  ?N.?V.?.sQOtN2??
224   56 00 CD 13 EB E4 8A 56 00 60 BB AA 55 B4 41 CD  |  V.?.???V.`??U?A?
240   13 72 36 81 FB 55 AA 75 30 F6 C1 01 74 2B 61 60  |  .r6??U?u0??.t+a`
256   6A 00 6A 00 FF 76 0A FF 76 08 6A 00 68 00 7C 6A  |  j.j..v..v.j.h.|j
272   01 6A 10 B4 42 8B F4 CD 13 61 61 73 0E 4F 74 0B  |  .j.?B???.aas.Ot.
288   32 E4 8A 56 00 CD 13 EB D6 61 F9 C3 49 6E 76 61  |  2??V.?.??a??Inva
304   6C 69 64 20 70 61 72 74 69 74 69 6F 6E 20 74 61  |  lid partition ta
320   62 6C 65 00 45 72 72 6F 72 20 6C 6F 61 64 69 6E  |  ble.Error loadin
336   67 20 6F 70 65 72 61 74 69 6E 67 20 73 79 73 74  |  g operating syst
352   65 6D 00 4D 69 73 73 69 6E 67 20 6F 70 65 72 61  |  em.Missing opera
368   74 69 6E 67 20 73 79 73 74 65 6D 00 00 00 00 00  |  ting system.....
384   00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |  ................
400   00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |  ................
416   00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |  ................
432   00 00 00 00 00 2C 44 63 16 F0 86 E6 00 00 00 01  |  .....,Dc.....
448   01 00 DE FE 3F 06 3F 00 00 00 08 B7 01 00 80 00  |  ...?....?..?.
464   01 07 07 FE FF FF 47 B7 01 00 16 CE 09 12 00 00  |  ...?..G?...?....
480   C1 FF DB FE FF FF 1E C4 0B 12 DE 8C 94 00 00 00  |  ?.??...?..??...
496   00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 55 AA  |  ..............U?
###
128/005:16/VEC> Start Verify EPBR Chain for disk 0 (128)
128/005:16/VEC> Listing current partitions on disk:
128/005:16/VEC>  UNKNOWN (P)  DellUtility          63      112392       (0 Gb)
128/005:16/VEC>     NTFS (P)    (no name)      112455   302632470     (144 Gb)
128/005:16/VEC>  UNKNOWN (P)  DellRestore   302760990     9735390       (5 Gb)
128/005:16/VEC> Partition Table info for sector 0 (0 0 1)
128/005:16/LOG> PartListDump requested at 0 (0 0 1)
### _ACT_|_TYPE_|__START--C/H/S_|__END----C/H/S_|__LBA-start_|_LBA-length
..1 ...0 | ..DE | ....0...1...1 | ....6.254..63 | ........63 | ....112392
..2 .128 | ..07 | ....7...0...1 | .1023.254..63 | ....112455 | .302632470
..3 ...0 | ..DB | .1023...0...1 | .1023.254..63 | .302760990 | ...9735390
..4 ...0 | ..00 | ....0...0...0 | ....0...0...0 | .........0 | .........0
128/005:16/VEC> 55AA sig Ok
128/005:16/LOG> Boot sector dump requested at 63 (0 1 1)
### BootSectorDump for BStype FAT16
...........Jump Code (hex): EB4A90
............OEM Name (txt): Dell 8.0
....Bytes per Sector (dec): 512
.Sectors per Cluster (dec): 4
....Reserved Sectors (dec): 1
...........FAT count (dec): 2
....Root Entry Count (dec): 512
..Total Sectors (16) (dec): 0
....Media Descriptor (hex): F8
.......FAT Size (16) (dec): 110
...Sectors per Track (dec): 63
.....Heads per Track (dec): 255
......Hidden Sectors (dec): 63
..Total Sectors (32) (dec): 112392
........Drive Number (hex): 80
............Reserved (hex): 00
......Boot Signature (hex): 29
...........Volume ID (hex): 07D60A10
........Volume Label (txt): DellUtility
..Filesystem Type ID (txt): FAT16
....Sector Signature (hex): AA55
..........1st FAT at      : 64 (0 1 2)
..........2nd FAT at      : 174 (0 2 49)
128/005:16/CF8> FAT sectors are equal
128/005:16/LOG> SectorDump requested at 284 (0 4 33)
###
     Ac.o.m.m.a. COMMAND COM DELLBIO BIN DELLRMK BIN
     CONFIG  BTS DELL        DIR     LST SEAL    EXE
     Ac.o.n.f.i. CONFIG  SYS SEAL    INI AA.d.a.p.t.
     ADAPTEC MDM AA.d.a.p.t. ADAPTEC2MDM Aa.m.i._.r.
###
128/005:16/LOG> Boot sector dump requested at 112455 (7 0 1)
### BootSectorDump for BStype NTFS
...........Jump Code (hex): EB5290
............OEM Name (txt): NTFS
....Bytes per Sector (dec): 512
.Sectors per Cluster (dec): 8
....Reserved Sectors (dec): 0
..............Unused (hex): 0000000000
....Media Descriptor (hex): F8
..............Unused (hex): 0000
...Sectors per Track (dec): 63
.....Heads per Track (dec): 255
......Hidden Sectors (dec): 112455
..............Unused (hex): 00000000
.............Unknown (hex): 00800080
.......Total Sectors (dec): 302632469
........MFT Location (dec): 806866
.MFT Mirror Location (dec): 4096574
....Clusters per FRS (dec): 246
.Clusters/Indx Block (dec): 1
...........Volume ID (hex): 86A001CDA001C521
........Volume Label (txt): (no name)
............Checksum (hex): 00000000
....Sector Signature (hex): AA55
128/005:16/VEC> BS and BBS equal
128/005:16/LOG> Boot sector dump requested at 302760990 (18846 0 1)
### BootSectorDump for BStype FAT32
...........Jump Code (hex): EB7C90
............OEM Name (txt): Dell 8.0
....Bytes per Sector (dec): 512
.Sectors per Cluster (dec): 8
....Reserved Sectors (dec): 32
...........FAT count (dec): 2
....Root Entry Count (dec): 0
..Total Sectors (16) (dec): 0
....Media Descriptor (hex): F8
.......FAT Size (16) (dec): 0
...Sectors per Track (dec): 63
.....Heads per Track (dec): 255
......Hidden Sectors (dec): 302760990
..Total Sectors (32) (dec): 9735390
.......FAT Size (32) (dec): 9495
......Extended Flags (hex): 0000
.............Version (hex): 0000
........Root Cluster (dec): 2
.............FS Info (dec): 1
...........Backup BS (dec): 6
............Reserved (hex): 000000000000000000000000
........Drive Number (hex): 80
............Reserved (hex): 00
......Boot Signature (hex): 29
...........Volume ID (hex): 00000000
........Volume Label (txt): DellRestore
..Filesystem Type ID (txt): FAT32
....Sector Signature (hex): AA55
..........1st FAT at      : 302761022 (18846 0 33)
..........2nd FAT at      : 302770517 (18846 151 15)
128/005:16/CF8> FAT sectors are equal
128/005:16/LOG> SectorDump requested at 302780012 (18847 46 60)
###
     COMMAND COM DELLBIO BIN DELLRMK BIN BIN         
     AUTOEXECBAT BAT         CONFIG  SYS IMG         
     SRC1        SRC2        SRC3        SRC4       
     SRC5        ........... ........... ...........
###
128/005:16/VEC> BS and BBS equal
128/005:16/VEC> Verify EPBR Chain completed
128/005:17/USD> Select disk completed
128/005:26/SCN> DiskScan requested, ScanType is 3
128/005:26/SCN> from 0 (0 0 1) to 312499999 (19452 57 29), 312500000 sectors
128/005:26/SCN> Starting QuickScan (pre-vista) at 63 (0 1 1)
128/005:26/SCN> Next QuickScan location at 112455 (7 0 1)
128/005:26/SCN> Next QuickScan location at 302744925 (18845 0 1)
128/005:27/SCN> Next QuickScan location at 0 (0 0 1)
128/005:27/SCN> QuickScan finished
128/005:27/SCN> Starting SmartScan (pre-vista) at 0 (0 0 1) (JMP=16065, RNG=63)
128/017:42/SCN> SmartScan finished
128/017:42/SCN> DiskScan completed
128/017:42/SCN> ReadErrors for disk 0 (128): 0
128/019:42/LOG> DataCollection items found: 15 / 4
### DATACOLLECTION.ARRAY, FULL ###
SEQ_|___D_|________LOC_|____TYPE_|__COM_|______START_|_____LENGTH_|__PL_|_F
001 | 128 | ........63 | ..FAT16 | ..BS | ........63 | ....112392 | PRI | .
002 | 128 | ........64 | ..FAT16 | F8FF | ........63 | .......... | PRI | .
003 | 128 | ....112455 | ...NTFS | ..BS | ....112455 | .302632470 | PRI | .
004 | 128 | .302744924 | ...NTFS | .BBS | ....112455 | .302632470 | PRI | .
005 | 128 | .........0 | ...NTFS | PTE2 | ....112455 | .302632470 | PRI | .
006 | 128 | ........63 | ..FAT16 | ..BS | ........63 | ....112392 | PRI | I
007 | 128 | ........64 | ..FAT16 | F8FF | ........63 | .......... | PRI | I
008 | 128 | ....112455 | ...NTFS | ..BS | ....112455 | .302632470 | PRI | I
009 | 128 | ..15631312 | ...NTFS | ..BS | ..15631312 | .....28262 | LOG | .
010 | 128 | ..65657654 | ...NTFS | .BBS | ....112455 | ..65545200 | PRI | .
011 | 128 | .302744924 | ...NTFS | .BBS | ....112455 | .302632470 | PRI | I
012 | 128 | .302760990 | ..FAT32 | ..BS | .302760990 | ...9735390 | PRI | .
013 | 128 | .302760996 | ..FAT32 | .BBS | .302760990 | ...9735390 | PRI | .
014 | 128 | .302761007 | ...NTFS | PTE2 | .302873462 | .302632470 | LOG | .
015 | 128 | .302761022 | ..FAT32 | F8FF | .302760990 | .......... | PRI | .
128/019:42/LOG> DataCollection items found: 15 / 4
### DATACOLLECTION.ARRAY, CLEANED ###
SEQ_|___D_|________LOC_|____TYPE_|__COM_|______START_|_____LENGTH_|__PL
001 | 128 | ........63 | ..FAT16 | ..BS | ........63 | ....112392 | PRI
002 | 128 | ........64 | ..FAT16 | F8FF | ........63 | .......... | PRI
003 | 128 | ....112455 | ...NTFS | ..BS | ....112455 | .302632470 | PRI
004 | 128 | .302744924 | ...NTFS | .BBS | ....112455 | .302632470 | PRI
005 | 128 | .........0 | ...NTFS | PTE2 | ....112455 | .302632470 | PRI
009 | 128 | ..15631312 | ...NTFS | ..BS | ..15631312 | .....28262 | LOG
010 | 128 | ..65657654 | ...NTFS | .BBS | ....112455 | ..65545200 | PRI
012 | 128 | .302760990 | ..FAT32 | ..BS | .302760990 | ...9735390 | PRI
013 | 128 | .302760996 | ..FAT32 | .BBS | .302760990 | ...9735390 | PRI
014 | 128 | .302761007 | ...NTFS | PTE2 | .302873462 | .302632470 | LOG
015 | 128 | .302761022 | ..FAT32 | F8FF | .302760990 | .......... | PRI
128/019:42/LOG> PartList items created: 6
### PARTLIST.ARRAY ###
SEQ_|____TYPE_|_PTE_|__BS_|_BBS_|F8FF_|___S_|___L_|__PL_|_C_|___R
001 | ..FAT16 | ... | ..1 | ..0 | ..7 | ..1 | ..1 | ..1 | 3 | ..A
002 | ...NTFS | ..5 | ..3 | ..4 | ..0 | ..5 | ..5 | ..5 | 3 | ..A
003 | ...NTFS | ... | ... | .10 | ..0 | .10 | .10 | .10 | 1 | ..B
004 | ...NTFS | ... | ..9 | ... | ..0 | ..9 | ..9 | ..9 | 1 | ..B
005 | ..FAT32 | ... | .12 | .13 | .15 | .12 | .12 | .12 | 3 | ..A
006 | ...NTFS | .14 | ... | ... | ..0 | .14 | .14 | .14 | 1 | ...
### PARTLIST.ARRAY.INTERPRETED ###
SEQ_|____TYPE_|______START_|_____LENGTH_|________END_|__PL_|___R_|___A
001 | ..FAT16 | ........63 | ....112392 | ....112454 | PRI | ..A | ..X
002 | ...NTFS | ....112455 | .302632470 | .302744924 | PRI | ..A | ..X
003 | ...NTFS | ....112455 | ..65545200 | ..65657654 | PRI | ..B | ..X
004 | ...NTFS | ..15631312 | .....28262 | ..15659573 | LOG | ..B | ..?
005 | ..FAT32 | .302760990 | ...9735390 | .312496379 | PRI | ..A | ..X
006 | ...NTFS | .302873462 | .302632470 | .605505931 | LOG | ... | ..?
128/019:42/SST> SaveState requested for disk 0 (128)
128/019:43/WAS> AdmiSectors in use : 0+ 1+
128/019:44/SST> SaveState completed for disk 0 (128)
128/019:44/EXE> Analysis complete
128/019:46/LOG> RunTime: 019:46
128/019:46/LOG> ### CLOSE LOG ###

[Tom]

The log shows no problems. Which doesn't mean nothing is wrong, it just means that DiskPatch has found nothing that it can fix.

You say that during bootup the autochk appears. That's pretty early in the bootup, so i'm assuming that there's no desktop? How far does the boot process actually get? If the desktop comes up you could check the windows error logs to see if that tells you something.
Also, it's a little weird that the autochk wants to check the volume that windows is starting from and then says it's raw, given the fact that windows does actually start, so windows has access to the volume...
The disk health check doesn't give cause for alarm but maybe you should run a surface scan for the windows partition, see if disk read errors are the cause of the problem. The DiskPatch trial version allows you to do this.

If you believe that the other partitions are causing this (for which i don't see any evidence, but it's possible) you could try deleting them from the partition table, as a test, to see if they have anything to do with it. You could use our MBRtool for that. Simply create a backup of the MBR first, delete the Dell partitions from the partition table (using MBRtool) and start the pc to see what happens. Then afterwards you restore the MBR backup you made earlier and then hopefully you have a better insight into what's happening.

[Sparklewr]

I wondered specifically about the 3rd entry in the MBR which starts and ends at the same number. Does that have any significance?

The Autochk starts before the user icons appear, but after the Windows logo. It says that it's trying to check the C: drive but can't since its file type is RAW.

Event Logs do not indicate an error and surface scans have come back clean.

We're scratching our heads on this one too. Except for the intermittent lock ups and that AutoCHK at each startup, it seems to be ok.

[Tom]

### _ACT_|_TYPE_|__START--C/H/S_|__END----C/H/S_|__LBA-start_|_LBA-length
..1 ...0 | ..DE | ....0...1...1 | ....6.254..63 | ........63 | ....112392
..2 .128 | ..07 | ....7...0...1 | .1023.254..63 | ....112455 | .302632470
..3 ...0 | ..DB | .1023...0...1 | .1023.254..63 | .302760990 | ...9735390
..4 ...0 | ..00 | ....0...0...0 | ....0...0...0 | .........0 | .........0

I wondered specifically about the 3rd entry in the MBR which starts and ends at the same number. Does that have any significance?

It doesn't start/end at the same number, the numbers that count are the two on the right (lba start and lba length) and they're fine. The CHS start/end address numbers are no longer in use but are maintained for backwards compatibility reasons. If you'd set them to zero it would still work fine. So the MBR is okay.

Which leaves me scratching my head too.

There's another disk in the system (small, probably a USB key), could that be causing trouble?
And, you could still follow my other suggestion (which involved using MBRtool to delete the 2 entries that are not the main partition) to find out where the problem lies. If the autochk still comes up with those two entries gone and that USB key gone then you'll at least know where to look. If it doesn't, you'll know it's in one of those dell partitions (which isn't all that serious).
Apart from that i have no further advice at this point. I'm sure you have already copied the data to safety, since Windows does boot to the desktop sometimes, so that essentially leaves reinstallation as the only option...

[Joep]

The Autochk starts before the user icons appear, but after the Windows logo. It says that it's trying to check the C: drive but can't since its file type is RAW.

And then you're actually in Windows? And if so, chkdsk (read only), what does that say?

..3 ...0 | ..DB | .1023...0...1 | .1023.254..63

You mean the 1023 values I guess ... Ignore them, they're lecacy values and and lose meaning with any partition starting more than 8 Gb in the disk.

[Sparklewr]

Yeah, I did have a small stick in at the time I created the log file, but it was only because I was looking for an option to save the log file for posting. Its removal/addition didn't seem to affect the AutoCHK situation at all.

In the way of resolution and helping anyone else who might get this same strange error:
We did try deleting the 2 Dell partitions and got the same result with the AutoCHK. In the end, we did reinstall, although we were not able to use the Dell CTRL+F11 to restore (given that we had earlier tried a fixMBR.)

Still happy to have the full DiskPatch as a way of cloning a drive outside of Windows!
Thanks for your help!

[Joep]

Hello,

Yes, I had my doubts those Dell partitions had anything to do with it, there's 100.000's of Dell PCs out there, all with that setup. The Dell partition types (which are basically FAT32 partitions) prevent Windows from bothering about those. Here's a little write up about the Dell CTRL F11 boot option: http://www.goodells.net/dellrestore/.

Making a backup of your MBR with MBRtool also provides a goback option if you decide to experiment with the MBR.